Summary andconclusions
Taken collectively, the findings
from international studies of health
care quality do not in and of
themselves provide a definitive
answer to the question of how the
United States compares in terms of
the quality of its health care. While
the evidence base is incomplete
and suffers from other limitations,
it does not provide support for the
oft-repeated claim that the “U.S.
health care is the best in the
world.” In fact, there is no hard
evidence that identifies particular
areas in which U.S. health care
quality is truly exceptional.
Instead, the picture that emerges
from the information available on
technical quality and related
aspects of health system
performance is a mixed bag, with
the United States doing relatively
well in some areas — such as
cancer care — and less well in
others — such as mortality from
conditions amenable to prevention
and treatment. Many Americans
would be surprised by the findings
from studies showing that U.S.
health care is not clearly superior
to that received by Canadians, and
that in some respects Canadian
care has been shown to be of
higher quality.
To be sure, there are limitations to
the current evidence base. In
particular, there is no data or
evidence by which to answer the
question of whether the United
States is a place where one finds
health care that exceeds the quality
of the best care available
elsewhere in the world — in other
words, whether the “best U.S.
health care is the best in the
world.” Although it is often held
that the U.S. strength lies in stateof-
the-art, technically oriented
care, especially focused on
“rescue” care, rather than care for
more routine acute and chronic
conditions, studies typically do not
compare the “best” care offered in
different countries. Further, there
remain other aspects of health care
for which we have no quality
measures or inadequate data for
comparisons.
Existing studies also fail to tell us
much at all about the reasons for
the apparent differences in quality
observed across countries,
although numerous hypotheses
have been put forward (e.g.,
differences in the use of health
information technology,
differences in the coordination of
care and the fragmentation of
health care delivery, variations in
reliance of incentives for providers
and consumers to provide and
select care based on consideration
of quality). We do know, however,
from a five-country survey of
primary care physicians52 that U.S.
physicians’ practices are more
limited in information capacity,
provide less patient access outside
of traditional work hours, and are
among the least likely to work in
teams or to receive financial
rewards for quality, all factors that
could bear on the quality of
primary care furnished.
Taken together, these studies do
provide a strong basis for
determining whether proposed
health reform initiatives might
threaten or, alternatively,
strengthen the current level of U.S.
quality. While evidence is not
conclusive, it is clear that the
argument that reform of the U.S.
health system stands to endanger
“the best health care quality in the
world” lacks foundation. Like
other countries, the United States
has been found to have both
strengths and weaknesses in terms
of the quality of care available, and
the quality of care the population
receives. The main ways in which
the United States differs from
other developed countries are in
the very high costs of its health
care and the share of its population
that is uninsured.
In the light of the fact that the
United States spends twice as
much per person on health care as
its peers, those who question the
value for money obtained in U.S.
health expenditures are on a firm
footing. The evidence suggests that
other developed countries achieve
comparable quality of care while
devoting at most two-thirds the
share of their national income.
Faced with the evidence, one
might well ask why it is that
assertions of the superiority of
U.S. health care are so common.
Technical definitions and popular
conceptions of quality include
many different dimensions and
there may not be agreement about
which dimensions are most
important. For example, people
who make the claims that the
United States has the “best quality
of care” in the world may be
prioritizing a degree of access to
medical technology and innovation
which they believe to be unique to
the United States. Perhaps media
attention paid to outcomes for a
select few (e.g., multiple organ
transplant recipients, high-risk
delivery of multiple births) has
cast into shadow the average
outcomes of the majority of
Americans with more routine, yet
serious, conditions and other
health care needs.
But a less-than-fully informed
public comes at a cost in that
assertions of excellence divert
attention from the need to inspire
and foster systematic quality
improvement activities.
Furthermore, there seems to be a
routine genuflection to the
widespread belief of U.S. quality
excellence, even among experts. In
an environment where even
insured Americans receive only
about half of the services that
experts consider necessary, there is
a strong argument for placing
quality firmly on the health reform
agenda.53 In short, health reform
can be seen as an opportunity to
systematically improve quality of
care, rather than as a threat to
existing levels of quality.
Health reform provides an
opportunity to build on strengths
and correct weaknesses, work
towards aims for improvement,
such as those defined by IOM in
Crossing the Quality Chasm,54 that
care be safe, effective, patientcentered,
timely, efficient and
equitable. The IOM continues to
push for quality improvement
based on the evident gap between
what is done and what should be
done, what can be achieved and
what is achieved, but international
comparisons have not played a
major role in pushing forward that
message. On the contrary,
unsubstantiated claims that, despite
any shortfalls, the United States
has the “best” quality of care in the
world are sometimes put forward
to support views that reforms are
unwarranted on quality grounds
and even risky — particularly
those reforms that would modify
U.S. health financing, coverage or
delivery arrangements in ways
similar to those used in other
countries.
On the basis of this review it is
safe to say that U.S. health care is
not pre-eminent on quality;
furthermore, one can surely argue
that U.S. health care quality is not
at risk from the kinds of health
reform proposals receiving
attention. On the contrary, our
findings strengthen arguments that
reform is needed to improve the
relative performance of the U.S.
health system on quality. If reform
accomplishes no more than
extending insurance coverage to
the more than 45 million
Americans without insurance, it
will be an important step forward,
but more is needed to ensure health
care quality improvement. To the
extent it is possible to improve
health care delivery through
reforms that strengthen incentives
to apply knowledge and meet
quality standards, employ
technology to reduce errors and
ensure appropriate care, and help
consumers and patients demand
better quality, even more might be
achieved.